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Article History

Received: 9 December 2025

Accepted: 13 May 2026

First Online: 21 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Dr Ryu, Jung-Min Kim and Min-Seop Kim are named inventors on patent No. 10-2023-0095566, jointly held by RS Rehab and Bundang Seoul National University Hospital. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.

: All methods were carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was conducted after obtaining approval from the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Institutional Review Board (IRB No.: B-2109-707-303). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment; for participants unable to provide consent owing to age or health conditions, written informed consent was obtained from their guardians. All participants scheduled for VFSS were provided with detailed information about the study and gave their informed consent before participation. Healthy volunteers were recruited through a public notice (online and hospital bulletin) and participated only after providing consent.

: All voice recordings were anonymized using de-identification numbers to protect participant privacy. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants for the publication of this study after receiving a verbal explanation from the researcher.