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Article History

Received: 22 July 2025

Accepted: 14 May 2026

First Online: 24 May 2026

Declarations

:

: EJ Giamarellos-Bourboulis reports honoraria from Abbott Products Operations, bioMérieux, Brahms GmbH, GSK, InflaRx GmbH, Sobi and Xbiotech Inc; independent educational grants from Abbott Products Operations, bioMérieux Inc, Johnson & Johnson, MSD, UCB, Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB; and funding from the Horizon 2020 European Grants ImmunoSep and RISCinCOVID and the Horizon Health grants EPIC-CROWN-2, POINT and Homi-Lung (granted to the Hellenic Institute for the Study of Sepsis). The other authors do not declare any competing interests.

: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT05304715, NCT02573571.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol for the observational SPECIFY study (NCT02573571) was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committees of the participating hospitals, and a detailed list of granted approvals is provided in the Supplementary Table S1 online. The interventional BEYOND trial (NCT05304715) was granted approval by the National Ethics Committee-EED 178/21, 19-11-2021 and the National Organization for Medicines IS166-21/24-11-2021. Regarding the prospective registry, the study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committees of the participating hospitals, and a detailed list of granted approvals is provided in the Supplementary Table S2 online.

: Patients in each study were enrolled after written informed consent provided by themselves or their first-degree relatives, in case of inability to provide consent.