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Article History

Received: 9 December 2025

Accepted: 18 May 2026

First Online: 4 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study was approved by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Institutional Review Board (IRB00025249). The research team provided recruitment sites with recruitment materials and an example of the full survey, when requested. Given the experimental element of the vignettes, the JHU IRB approved an informed consent exemption. After reviewing the study description, participants were informed that the choice to continue to the first section was an acknowledgement of consent to the study. Nonidentifiable survey data were collected without participant names, addresses, date of birth, or workplace location information. No unique individual log-ins were used, and IP addresses were not retained. To receive the study incentive, participants provided a name and email address that was collected in a separate form. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations, and in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.