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Authors
Naeem, Mohamed
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Suez University
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Article History
Received: 14 March 2026
Accepted: 18 May 2026
First Online: 4 June 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study due to the exclusive use of publicly available, fully de-identified data. The PTB-XL and Chapman-Shaoxing databases are anonymized electrocardiography repositories released for open research use. No institutional review board approval was required for secondary analysis of anonymized data.
: Not applicable. This study relied exclusively on publicly available, fully de-identified electrocardiography databases (PTB-XL and Chapman-Shaoxing). No human participants were recruited, and no primary data collection was conducted. Patient consent was therefore not required.
