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Authors
Li, Aibeiduo
Yang, Ting
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Article History
Received: 28 February 2026
Accepted: 19 May 2026
First Online: 3 June 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Tianjin University (Reference Number: IRB-2024-0387). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national regulations. As this study exclusively utilized anonymized operational data from smart meters and did not involve human subjects or identifiable personal information, informed consent was not required.
