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Authors
Xie, Yachen
Tong, Ke
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Article History
Received: 27 March 2026
Accepted: 19 May 2026
First Online: 27 May 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The data used in this study were obtained from the publicly available MIMIC-IV database and eICU Collaborative Research Database. Both databases contain de-identified patient information and have received ethical approval for research use. As this study analyzed anonymized retrospective data, the requirement for informed consent was waived. All procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki.
