Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Guo, Zhen
Zhang, Ziyu
Tian, Yulin
Guo, Xia
Xu, Hanchi
Chu, Haoxuan
Wang, Shipeng
Gao, Lu
Wang, Yushi
-
Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Jilin Provincial Department of Education and Jilin Province Higher Education Research Project (JJKH20250188KJ)
Jilin Provincial Department of Education and Jilin Province Higher Education Research Project (JGJX24D0050)
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 10 May 2025
Accepted: 19 May 2026
First Online: 23 May 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval: This study was based on publicly available, de-identified data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). NHANES is conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), and all NHANES study protocols were approved by the NCHS Ethics Review Board. Written informed consent was obtained from all NHANES participants. The external validation analysis was conducted using the 2011 baseline data from CHARLS. The CHARLS study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants in the original survey. Because the present study involved secondary analysis of publicly available and de-identified data, no additional ethical approval was required. All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
