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Authors
Eticha, Biruktawit Lelisa
Dube, Geleta Nenko
Tizie, Sefefe Birhanu
Bedada, Tesfaye Deribe
Wondie, Smegnew Gichew
Teshome, Selamawit Gashaw
Birlie, Andualem Addisu
Mengistie, Muluken Belachew
Muluneh, Ayana Alebachew
Wodessa, Gelgelo
Meshesha, Nega Abebe
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Article History
Received: 16 March 2026
Accepted: 19 May 2026
First Online: 27 May 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Permission for data access was acquired from the DHS through an online request accompanied by a written letter detailing the study’s objectives, and permission was finally obtained from the DHS program: . Universities or government organizations gather DHS data, and they are responsible for getting ethical approval from the relevant authorities in each nation and making sure that protocols are followed to safeguard study participants; by DHS study standards, each participant needs to provide their informed consent before doing the survey. The DHS surveys are conducted in accordance with internationally accepted ethical standards, including the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval for each country-specific survey was obtained by the respective national ethics committees and institutional review boards prior to data collection. In addition, the DHS Program ensures that all participants provide informed consent before participation in the survey 81 .
