Document is current

Article History

Received: 14 September 2025

Accepted: 20 May 2026

First Online: 1 June 2026

Declarations

:

: KGH reports speaker´s honoraria, consulting fees or study grants from Abbott, Alexion, Amarin, AstraZeneca, Bayer Healthcare, Sanofi, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Novartis, Pfizer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Biotronik, Medtronic, Portola, Premier Research, W.L. Gore and Associates, SUN Pharma and Edwards Lifesciences. PK receives research support for basic, translational, and clinical research projects from European Union, British Heart Foundation, Leducq Foundation, Medical Research Council (UK), and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, from several drug and device companies active in atrial fibrillation and has received honoraria from several such companies in the past. PK is listed as inventor on two patents held by University of Birmingham (Atrial Fibrillation Therapy WO 2015140571, Markers for Atrial Fibrillation WO 2016012783). GT has received speaker´s honoraria or consulting fees from Acandis, Bayer Healthcare, Boehringer Ingelheim, Covidien, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Portola, Stryker and Pfizer. DGN has received speaker´s honoraria and consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Novartis and Pfizer. JR has received speaker´s honoraria and consulting fees from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Pfizer, Daiichi Sankyo, Alexion and Astra Zeneca.UL reports honoraria/reimbursements for lectures, participation in studies, scientific cooperations (with Saarland University), consulting, travel, support (of colleagues) or support of scientific meetings by Amgen, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, MSD, Sanofi, Servier outside the submitted work. RV reports grants, personal fees and other from Bayer, grants from Boehringer, grants and personal fees from BMS, grants from Daiichi Sankyo, grants from Medtronic, personal fees from Javelin, grants from Biogen, grants and personal fees from Pfizer, personal fees from Abbott, personal fees from Astra Zeneca, other from Novartis, outside the submitted work. RV is an investigator of Imperial BRC and partially funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 754517 (PRESTIGE-AF). PUH reports grants from Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin during study conduct (within MonDAFIS for biometry; member scientific board); research grants from German Ministry of Research and Education, German Research Foundation, research grants from Bavarian State (ministry for science and the arts) (within STAAB COVID-19), European Union, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Chamber of Physicians, German Parkinson Society, University Hospital Würzburg, Robert Koch Institute, German Heart Foundation, Federal Joint Committee (G-BA) within the Innovationsfonds, University Hospital Heidelberg (within RASUNOA-prime; supported by an unrestricted research grant to the University Hospital Heidelberg from Bayer, BMS, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo), University Göttingen (within FIND-AF randomized; supported by an unrestricted research grant to the University Göttingen from Boehringer-Ingelheim), outside the submitted work. ME reports grants from Bayer and Ipsen and fees paid to the Charité from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer Healthcare, BMS, Daiichi Sankyo, Ipsen, all outside the submitted work.RBS has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the grant agreement No. 648131, from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the grant agreement No. 847770 (AFFECT-EU) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.) (81Z1710103 and 81Z0710114); German Ministry of Research and Education (BMBF 01ZX1408A) and ERACoSysMed3 (031L0239). Wolfgang Seefried project funding German Heart Foundation. RBS has received lecture fees and advisory board fees from BMS/Pfizer and Bayer outside this work.NT, MCO, ST, MJUQ and CK report no conflict of interests outside the submitted work.