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Authors
Hemmeda, Lina
Siddig, Musab Mohammed Yassin
Mohammed, Ola Yaser
Ali, Moayad Abdelhay Mohamed
Mursal, Mohab Hassaballah Jobartallah
AbdAllah, Muhammed Mansoor Albadawi
Elsiddig, Mustafa Eltayeb Abdelgadir
Elawad, Shaima Omer Mohamed
Mohammed, Yousra Ibrahim Abdallah
Suliman, Ayah Omer
Hassan, Hanan Adam Abdalla
Abbas, Maab Elfadil Ahmed
Elbashir, Mariam Osman Elnaeir
Mohamed, Omer Yousif Abdelrahman
Ahmed, Rayan Mohamed Mahgoub Mohamed
Awad, Mohammed Haydar
Alrawa, Salma S.
Makhtoum, Eisraa Habib Ahmed
Gassim, Reem Emadeldin Mohamed
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Sudan National Public Health Laboratory
Sudan Nile Petroleum Company
Sudan National Ministry of health
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Article History
Received: 15 February 2025
Accepted: 15 May 2026
First Online: 28 July 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval and consent to participate: To confirm that all methods were carried out by relevant guidelines and regulations of the declaration of Helsinki (the last one was the 64th WMA General Assembly, Fortaleza, Brazil, October 2013), ethical approval was obtained from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira ethical committee (No: 42–23), and an administrative approval was issued from the North Kordofan Ministry of Health. Additionally, in light of the high illiteracy rate in the study area, an informed verbal consent was obtained from all the study participants.
