Al-Hejri, Aymen M.
Al-Tam, Riyadh M.
Sable, Archana Harsing
Alshamrani, Sultan S.
Alshmrany, Kaled M.
Alshehri, Abdullah
Article History
Received: 7 September 2025
Accepted: 21 May 2026
First Online: 27 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Informed consent was not required, as the study used the IoT-23 dataset, which is publicly accessible data with no identifiable information about individuals.