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Article History

Received: 13 January 2026

Accepted: 21 May 2026

First Online: 20 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study did not involve prospective recruitment of students, direct interaction with human participants, or experimental intervention in classroom activities. All data analyzed in this research were derived from pre-existing classroom video recordings routinely collected by participating integrated education pilot middle schools as part of their standard teaching management and classroom observation practices, prior to and independent of this research. The authors had no role in the collection, recording, or deployment of classroom monitoring equipment. Before being made available to the research team, all video data were fully anonymized and desensitized by the schools, including the removal of any personal identifiers and the prevention of linkage to individual student identities. The analysis focused exclusively on aggregated behavioral indicators (e.g., head-up rate, behavioral category proportions) and algorithmic performance evaluation, without individual-level assessment or decision-making. According to institutional policies and applicable regulations governing educational data use, secondary analysis of fully anonymized, non-identifiable data does not require individual informed consent from students or their parents or legal guardians. Ethical review and authorization for the secondary use of these anonymized classroom recordings were conducted through the participating schools’ internal administrative or ethics review procedures. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations concerning data protection, privacy, and educational research ethics.

: Informed consent from individual students or their parents or legal guardians was not required, as this study exclusively used pre-existing, fully anonymized classroom video data, with no direct involvement of students as research participants and no possibility of personal identification.

: Special education experts participated in this study solely for evaluation and benchmarking purposes, including double-blind annotation of classroom behaviors and validation of model outputs. All expert participants were informed of the study objectives and procedures and provided voluntary informed consent prior to participation. No personal or sensitive data from expert participants were collected or analyzed.

: This study did not involve experiments on live animals or vertebrates. Therefore, approval by an animal ethics committee and compliance with ARRIVE guidelines are not applicable.