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Article History

Received: 10 March 2026

Accepted: 24 May 2026

First Online: 2 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study involved secondary analysis of de-identified cross-sectional data from the Gauteng City-Region Observatory Quality of Life Survey 7 (2023/24). The original survey protocol and data collection procedures were approved by the University of the Witwatersrand Human Research Ethics Committee (Protocol H22/08/04). Informed consent was obtained from all participants by the primary data collectors before administering the computer-assisted personal interviews. As this study used public-use anonymised data, no further participant consent was required for this secondary analysis.