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Authors
Pang, Yihang
Jiang, Yongrong
Sa, Naiqian
Xu, Ge
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (2024JJA141354)
Guangxi Medical and Health Appropriate Technology and Promotion Application Project (S2024053)
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Health Commission Self-Funded Scientific Research Project (Z-A20230697)
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Article History
Received: 5 January 2026
Accepted: 25 May 2026
First Online: 27 May 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The methods used in this study involving human participants followed the ethical guidelines laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent revisions. Ethical approval for all waves of the CHARLS study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Peking University. The IRB approval number is IRB00001052-11015. Written signed informed consent was obtained at recruitment from all participants, including legal representatives for illiterate participants.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
