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Algorithm selection for lithium-ion battery ECM parameterization: a comparative study of trust-region, Levenberg-Marquardt, Gauss-Newton, and BFGS for accuracy and physical consistency

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-55478-w

Published Online: 2026-06-06

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

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