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Authors
Lear, Rachael
Tao, Rachel
Carenzo, Catalina
Yagis, Ekin
Li, Zhuoyu
Tipper, Maria
Motsi, Agnes
O’Malley, Sharon
Abdullahi, Yusuf
Glampson, Ben
Mitchell, Colin
Mayer, Erik K.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
NIHR North West London Patient Safety Research Collaborative and the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre
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Article History
Received: 15 January 2026
Accepted: 25 May 2026
First Online: 6 July 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Data access and approvals: Informed consent was not required for this research as it involved the secondary use of anonymised, routinely collected electronic health record data accessed within a secure research environment. This research database is approved by the Health Research Authority with favourable ethics approval given by the West Midlands Solihull Research Ethics Committee (reference 18/WM/0323; IRAS project ID 252449). Access to the research database, to undertake this study, was provided by the NW London Sub-Data Research Access Group (SDRAG Ref ID 342). All data used in this work were fully anonymised before analysis.
