Document is current

Article History

Received: 8 April 2026

Accepted: 27 May 2026

First Online: 1 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study did not involve any new human or animal experiments and did not require approval from an institutional review board or research ethics committee. All experiments were conducted exclusively on the publicly available Mozilla Common Voice v12 Arabic corpus ( ), which is released by the Mozilla Foundation under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. Contributors to Common Voice provide their voice recordings voluntarily after giving explicit informed consent through the platform’s terms of participation, and the released dataset contains no personally identifiable information. No additional human subjects were recruited, no new audio data were collected, and no personal data were processed by the authors during this work. All methods and analyses reported in this manuscript were carried out in accordance with the relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and regulations governing research integrity and the responsible use of publicly available datasets, as well as with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki where applicable.

: Not applicable. This study did not involve identifiable individual person’s data, images, or videos in any form.