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Authors
Polock, Sazzad Bin Bashar
Starewich, Michael
Barua, Swastika
Tusti, Anannya Ghosh
Somvanshi, Shriyank
Chowdhury, Tausif Islam
Alnawmasi, Nawaf
Das, Subasish
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Article History
Received: 2 April 2026
Accepted: 27 May 2026
First Online: 9 June 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics statement: This study utilizes secondary data obtained from the Texas Crash Records Information System (CRIS). The dataset is fully anonymized and de-identified, containing no personally identifiable information. Although CRIS crash reports originate from records that are legally confidential under Texas regulations, the version used in this study is publicly accessible for research purposes in compliance with applicable data protection and privacy laws. Because this research does not involve interaction with human subjects and relies solely on de-identified secondary data, it is exempt from Institutional Review Board (IRB) review, and informed consent was not required. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
