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Authors
Hagag, Abdelmonam M. https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1392-3505
Shehata, Abdalrahman Salah https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8356-5868
Abdelhamed, Athar Mohamed https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9440-9038
Ahmed, Gsemallah Abdo https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2602-6917
Ghanem, Omar A. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1966-3705
Akwaisah, Ayoub https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4446-2747
Abdelghani, Mohamed https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1245-6289
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Zagazig University
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Article History
Received: 27 February 2026
Accepted: 28 May 2026
First Online: 4 June 2026
Ddeclarations
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: All the participants were informed that their responses would be used for research purposes only, and they agreed that.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The author did not use any artificial intelligence at any step of the study process.
: We followed the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review board (IRB) of each country as follows: Zagazig University faculty of medicine under the code: ZU-IRB # 1547/29-July 2025 for Egypt; University of Merowe of Technology in Sudan under the code MUT 001; and Benghazi Medical Center in Libya under the code NBC: 005. H. 25. 10.
: Before the commencement of the study, informed consent was obtained from each participant. They were informed about the aim of the study, the procedures involved, and any risks or benefits of the study. Additionally, they were informed that they could withdraw at any time from the study. We followed the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.
