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Authors
Wang, Juan
Li, Hai-Bo
Li, Wen-Juan
Xu, Man-Man
Hang, Chun-Hua
Zhao, Peng-Lai
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Clinical Trials from the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University (LCYJ-MS-37)
Beijing Medical Award Foundation (YXJL-2022-0351-0421)
Beijing Bethune Charitable Foundation (2022-YJ-085-J-Z-ZZ-026)
Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical Research Fund Project (2024-LCYJ-MS-08)
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Article History
Received: 9 April 2026
Accepted: 30 May 2026
First Online: 3 June 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. MIMIC-IV and eICU are publicly available, de-identified databases with institutional approvals and waived informed consent. The NSICU cohort was approved by the local research ethics committee of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (Approval No. 2023-566-02), and informed consent was waived because of the retrospective design and anonymized data.
