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Authors
Abu-Dayyeh, Issa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0224-2292
Chemaitelly, Hiam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8756-6968
Al Tibi, Ahmad https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9044-0058
Ghunaim, Mohammad
Hasan, Thaer
Abdelnour, Amid
Abu-Raddad, Laith J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0790-0506
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Weill Cornell Medicine–Qatar (Junior Faculty Transition to Independence Program)
Qatar Research Development and Innovation Council (ARG01-0522-230273)
Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar (Biomedical Research Program and the Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Biomathematics Research Core)
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Article History
Received: 16 December 2025
Accepted: 1 June 2026
First Online: 14 June 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors affiliated with Biolab Diagnostic Laboratories were involved in providing access to the data and supporting data retrieval but had no financial or commercial interests related to the study outcomes. The study was conducted independently for scientific research purposes, and no financial incentives were linked to the results of the analyses. HC received a speaker honorarium and travel support from Sanofi for a presentation on SARS-CoV-2 viral evolution, unrelated to this work. LJA-R received a speaker honorarium from Roche Diagnostics International for delivering a webinar on neonatal herpes, also unrelated to this work. All authors report no potential or perceived conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval: The institutional review boards at Biolab (ethics approval number: IRB-Bio/7-2024/01; date: July 1, 2024) and Weill Cornell Medicine–Qatar (ethics approval number: 2079414-2; date: June 9, 2024) approved this retrospective study with a waiver of informed consent. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and reported following the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines.
Use of artificial intelligence tools: ChatGPT version 5.1 was used for grammar verification and phrasing refinement. The authors thoroughly reviewed and edited the text, taking full responsibility for its accuracy and quality.
