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Article History

Received: 3 December 2025

Accepted: 3 June 2026

First Online: 16 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All methods used in this study were carried out in accordance with the relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and regulations. Because the research involved field inspections, stakeholder consultations, and interviews with engineers, operators, and residents, the full study protocol was reviewed by the Delhi Technological University (DTU), New Delhi, India, which approved, and confirmed that the study meets the standards for non-interventional, observation-based human research.

: All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its submission for publication in the journal of “Environmental Monitoring and Assessment”. The content has not been published elsewhere and is not under consideration by any other journal. No individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos) is included in this manuscript, and thus no additional consent is required.

: It was obtained from all individuals who participated in stakeholder consultations, field discussions, or interviews. Where participants represented government departments or agencies, consent was obtained from authorized officials. No identifiable personal information, images, or sensitive data were collected.