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Article History

Received: 9 February 2026

Accepted: 4 June 2026

First Online: 6 July 2026

Declarations

:

: AEB is a member of the International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium (ICQC), a member of the Scientific committee of the transnational governance of the Nutri-Score system, a member of the Scientific Advisory Council for Agricultural Policy, Nutrition and Consumer Health Protection, Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture Germany and a co-author of the popular cookbook “Nordisch abnehmen”. MR received fees consulting, lecturing or serving on advisory boards from Astra Zeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Echosens, Eli Lilly, Merck-MSD, Madrigal, Novo Nordisk, Synlab and Target RWE and has performed investigator-initiated research with support from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi to the DDZ. OPZ reports lecture fees from Sanofi and Chiesi. RW reports lecture fees from Novo Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis, Boehringer-Ingelheim and Eli Lilly. He served on the advisory board for Akcea Therapeutics, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly and NovoNordisk. None of these aforementioned relationships/activities are related to the content of this manuscript. KSW, SS, AL, NS, JG, CÖ, EAS, KS, ST, WL, and CH declare no competing interests.

: The study protocol has been approved by the ethics board of Heinrich Heine University. The study is conducted according to the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. All participants gave written informed consent.