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Authors
Naghavi, Noora
Barbaro, Lisa
Griffiths, Mark JD.
Davidson, Simon
Melley, Daniel D.
O’Neil, John
Riley, Karl
Issitt, Richard W.
Quinlan, Gregory J.
Davies, Nathan A.
Spivey, Alan C.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
British Heart Foundation (BHF Translational Award TG/18/34132)
British Heart Foundation (BHF Translational Award TG/18/34132)
British Heart Foundation (BHF Translational Award TG/18/34132)
British Heart Foundation (BHF Translational Award TG/18/34132)
British Heart Foundation (BHF Translational Award TG/18/34132)
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Article History
Received: 15 March 2026
Accepted: 4 June 2026
First Online: 1 July 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: G.J.Q, N.A.D and A.C.S are named inventors of a patent (WO2016087853 A1, Imperial Innovations Ltd, 2016) related to the technology described in this study. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical compliance: Healthy volunteer whole blood samples were collected following written informed consent in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and local statutory requirements. Ethical approval was granted by Wales REC 4 (Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Biobank; REC reference 21/WA/0388). All participants provided written informed consent to participate in the study and for the publication of anonymised data. Human blood products obtained from NHS Blood and Transplant were used in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
