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Article History

Received: 16 April 2026

Accepted: 5 June 2026

First Online: 8 June 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

: This study involving human participants was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Children’s Hospital and the Ethics Committee of Children’s Hospital of Soochow University (approval numbers: 2021KS024 and 2025R044E01). The requirement for written informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Children’s Hospital and the Ethics Committee of Children’s Hospital of Soochow University because of the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymized clinical data. The study was performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations and with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.