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Authors
Murakam, Hitoshi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1257-682X
Iwamoto, Azusa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8096-9246
Masu, Ayako
Sodeno, Miho https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1616-3106
Haruyama, Rei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7239-2611
Okawa, Sumiyo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2197-7078
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Suntory Foundation
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Article History
Received: 11 February 2026
Accepted: 5 June 2026
First Online: 11 June 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. All coauthors have contributed equally to the manuscript development.
Ethical approval and consent to participate: This study does not contain any individual human or animal subjects and data but rather relied solely on the publicly available secondary data issued by the Government of Japan. Therefore, ethics approval is not required for this study and paper.
Consent to participate: Informed consent is not needed for this study since we collected no information on individual human or animal subjects.
Consent to publish: It does not apply because we collected no information on individual human or animal subjects.
