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Article History

Received: 15 September 2025

Accepted: 8 June 2026

First Online: 12 June 2026

Declarations

:

: M.A.K. and N.W. are employed at Nordic Bioscience A/S, a biotech company involved in the discovery and development of blood-based biomarkers. A.H. has no conflict of interest to declare. M.A.K. and N.W. own stock in Nordic Bioscience A/S.

: All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Primary human healthy fibroblasts and CAFs were purchased from commercial suppliers (Vitro Biopharma, Lonza, and Innoprot). The cells were obtained from human donors who had provided informed consent and were collected under the suppliers’ respective ethical and regulatory approvals; documentation is available from the suppliers. As the cells were commercially available and de-identified, no additional institutional ethics approval was required for their use in this study. Cells were provided for research use only.