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Authors
Saengow, Udomsak
Tamirat, Temesgen
Lelago, Tadesse
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Tobacco Control Research and Knowledge Management Center, Thailand ((Grant number 61-01-23))
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Article History
Received: 18 April 2026
Accepted: 9 June 2026
First Online: 22 June 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Walailak University has provided ethical approval in accordance with the university’s standards and procedures, which reflect the Declaration of Helsinki. A formal letter was delivered to the designated sub-district health promotion hospitals. Participants gave informed consent after confirming that data collection was limited to verbal responses, excluding blood or body fluids. They understand that they can withdraw from the program at any time and without incurring any fees. Furthermore, the study process always ensured participant anonymity.
: Not applicable.
