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Authors
Hayat, Shoma https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1064-9009
Mostafa, Md. Golam https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4587-2239
Nayeem, Md. Abu Jaher https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2620-1762
Begum, Ruma https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8457-1293
Anjuman, Ayesha Akter https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0914-4439
Sadia, Saima Akhter https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5386-0115
Hasan, Imran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1282-3157
Asad, Asaduzzaman https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6894-0910
Islam, Zhahirul https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0935-8079
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fogarty International Center (FIC), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA (K43 TW011447)
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Article History
Received: 6 April 2026
Accepted: 10 June 2026
First Online: 25 June 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: We used OpenAI, specifically ChatGPT to ensure that our texts are free of grammatical, spelling, punctuation, and tone issues, not for autonomous content creation. All intellectual work, analysis, and final outputs are own work of all authors.
: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and Ethical Review Committees (ERC) of icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh under protocol number (PR)-19048. Written informed consent was obtained from all study patients of Bangladesh before the clinical examinations, fecal and rectal swab collection and data acquisition.
