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Article History

Received: 5 February 2026

Accepted: 10 June 2026

First Online: 18 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable. This study utilized publicly available datasets obtained from open-access source, including Kaggle and the Student Emotional and Psychological State Dataset ( ). The datasets are fully anonymized and do not contain personally identifiable information. Therefore, ethical approval and informed consent were not required, in accordance with institutional and research ethics guidelines for secondary analysis of publicly accessible data.

: Not applicable, as the study utilizes fully anonymized and publicly accessible data without any direct involvement of human participants.

: Not applicable, since the dataset does not contain identifiable personal information, images, or recordings, and all results are presented in aggregated form to ensure anonymity.

: Not applicable. The study utilizes a publicly available secondary dataset, and no direct interaction with human participants was conducted; therefore, individual informed consent was not required. All data were used strictly in accordance with the dataset’s public research usage terms, ensuring respect for privacy, anonymity, and ethical research standards.