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Authors
Talaat, Fatma M.
Tawfik, Mohammed
Shaban, Warda M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Nile Higher Institute for Engineering & Technology
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Article History
Received: 11 April 2026
Accepted: 10 June 2026
First Online: 21 June 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable. This study did not involve any research on humans, human tissue samples, human-derived biological materials, or animals. All experiments were conducted using the publicly available PlantVillage image dataset of plant leaves, which contains no human or animal data. Accordingly, no ethics committee approval or informed consent procedures were required.
