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Article History

Received: 17 September 2025

Accepted: 11 June 2026

First Online: 24 July 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics approval: Our study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (ID. 52175111, titled “Research on Active Sound Design of Automobile Integrating Brain Cognition Laws of Sound Quality”), and meets the ethics approval.

Consent to participate: In the current university research on brain-computer interface technology, most of the non-invasive head-mounted devices are used to collect EEG signals from the human brain, which is safe and non-invasive. In addition, the all subjects in this study understood the aim and procedure of the trial, the selected subjects have regular check-ups every year, and they are healthy and have normal hearing, thus this trial was in line with standards.