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Article History

Received: 20 January 2026

Accepted: 11 June 2026

First Online: 15 June 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval and informed consent statement: This study protocol constitutes a secondary analysis of a fully de-identified, publicly available dataset and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The baseline cross-sectional data were obtained from the open-access repository associated with Islam et al. (2023), published in PLOS ONE (DOI: ). In the primary study, formal ethical approval was secured from the Institutional Review Board, and explicit informed consent was systematically obtained from all individual adult male participants prior to their voluntary participation and digital data submission. Because the secondary dataset utilized in the present study is entirely anonymized and accessible in the public domain, it does not contain personal identifiers, thereby exempting this research from supplementary institutional review or re-consent requirements.