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Article History

Received: 30 December 2025

Accepted: 15 June 2026

First Online: 26 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Anopheles mosquito rearing was conducted at the National Institute of Health, Osong, Korea, under the approval of the National Institute of Health Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (KCDC-019-15-2 A) protocol.

: The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. T.A.K. and H.C.K. are employees of the U.S. Government. This work was prepared as part of their official duties. Title 17, U.S.C., § 105 provides that copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the U.S. Government. Title 17, U.S.C., § 101 defines U.S. Government work as work prepared by a military service member or employee of the U.S. Government as part of that person’s official duties.