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Authors
Chen, Bo
Li, Xiangyi
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Article History
Received: 4 February 2026
Accepted: 16 June 2026
First Online: 26 June 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: CHARLS was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (approvalnumber: IRB00001052-11015 for the household survey and IRB00001052-11014 for blood samples), and all participants provided written informed consent. The present secondary data analysis was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
