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Article History

Received: 11 February 2026

Accepted: 16 June 2026

First Online: 28 June 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Informed consent: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardians at the time of original data collection.

Institutional review board statement: This study was a secondary bioinformatics and statistical analysis of harmonized, de-identified human metabolomics and phenotypic data derived from publicly available or controlled-access aging and dementia-related cohort data resources, including ADNI/ADMC, ROSMAP, and AIBL. The original data collection protocols of the source datasets were approved by the institutional review boards or ethics committees responsible for the original studies, including the institutional review boards of the participating ADNI sites for ADNI/ADMC data, the Rush University Medical Center Institutional Review Board for ROSMAP data, and the institutional human research ethics committees responsible for the AIBL Study. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardians at the time of original data collection. The present study used only de-identified data obtained in accordance with the applicable data-use terms of the source datasets, and no new participants or biospecimens were recruited, collected, or experimentally handled by the authors. The secondary analysis protocol for the present study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. No approval number was assigned.