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Authors
Kufel, Jakub https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7633-3600
Piórecki, Łukasz
Dudek, Piotr https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4767-7142
Bielówka, Michał https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0609-1678
Czogalik, Łukasz https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3886-9708
Magiera, Mikołaj https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9952-9681
Stencel, Magdalena https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5615-1614
Rojek, Marcin https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0807-5423
Paszkiewicz, Iga https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0206-7044
Mitręga, Adam https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3383-6477
Gruszczyńska, Katarzyna
Polańska, Joanna
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Article History
Received: 2 December 2025
Accepted: 15 June 2026
First Online: 23 June 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval: All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki and national legislation governing the use of medical data in research. The study was based exclusively on retrospective, fully anonymized chest X-ray images obtained from routine clinical care. According to the opinion of the Bioethics Committee of the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice (Komisja Bioetyczna SUM) (letter No. PCN/0022/KB/195/20, dated 27 January 2021), retrospective analysis of anonymized radiological data does not constitute a medical experiment under Polish law and therefore does not require formal ethical approval. In Poland, all radiological examinations, including X-ray imaging, require prior informed consent from patients as part of standard medical practice. Because the dataset used in this study was anonymized and retrospective, the requirement for additional study-specific informed consent did not apply, in accordance with the guidance of the Bioethics Committee.
