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Authors
Bardoe, Dennis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1869-7761
Apenkwa, Joana
Osei, Ernest
Hayford, Daniel
Mohammed, Adnan Bardoe
Bio, Robert Bagngmen
Zakaria, Mohammed
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Article History
Received: 2 December 2025
Accepted: 19 June 2026
First Online: 23 June 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical considerations: This study used publicly available, de-identified data obtained from the IHME through the WHO HEAT toolkit. As no individual-level data were collected or analysed, ethical approval was not required.
