Document is current

Article History

Received: 27 April 2026

Accepted: 23 June 2026

First Online: 6 August 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval and consent: The NMTR operates under Sect.  251 of the NHS Act 2006, with approval from the NHS Health Research Authority’s Confidentiality Advisory Group, permitting the use of anonymised patient data for research; only anonymised records were provided to the authors, so individual consent was not required. Voi incident and exposure data were collected as part of the DfT’s rental e-scooter trial monitoring framework and were supplied under formal data-sharing agreements with Voi Technology and participating local authorities. Voi’s Privacy Notice permits transfer of rider data to third-party researchers for service development and mobility insights, on the basis of legitimate interests. In this study, the authors received only anonymised and aggregated incident, exposure and demographic data, with no direct access to identifiable rider-level information. All analyses complied with the UK General Data Protection Regulation, the Data Protection Act 2018 and the Declaration of Helsinki 2013.