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Article History

Received: 24 December 2025

Accepted: 26 June 2026

First Online: 7 July 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The greywater samples used in this study were collected exclusively from the washing machine outlet and kitchen water outlet of the corresponding author’s own residential household located in Katpadi, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India, with prior permission from the landowner. Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study. The study involved only household greywater collection and did not include any personal, sensitive, or identifiable human data; therefore, formal institutional ethical committee approval was not required.

: All sampling procedures, laboratory analyses, data processing, and statistical evaluations were conducted in accordance with the relevant national and international standards, guidelines, and regulations applicable to environmental and water quality research. Standard analytical procedures were followed throughout the study, and all methods were implemented in accordance with the respective methodological protocols and regulatory requirements.

: During the preparation of this work the author(s) used ChatGPT in order to enhance the language of the text. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.