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Article History

Received: 23 May 2026

Accepted: 29 June 2026

First Online: 8 July 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study used an existing construction-site surveillance-camera image dataset that had been established and used in previous studies. No new images or videos were collected specifically for this work, and no direct contact with human participants occurred. The dataset was used only for safety helmet and no-helmet object detection, and no personally identifiable information was analyzed. The publicly accessible benchmark datasets were used in accordance with their respective licenses and terms of use.