Funding for this research was provided by:
the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (Youth Foundation no. ZR2023QH075)
Article History
Received: 28 October 2025
Accepted: 29 June 2026
First Online: 11 July 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The original cohort study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center and the Public Institutional Review Board of the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Korea, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants before enrollment. The present study used publicly available, de-identified data from the original cohort; therefore, additional ethics approval and informed consent were not required.