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Authors
Zhang, Jinhui
Song, Chao
Hu, Zhenkui
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Article History
Received: 8 February 2026
Accepted: 3 July 2026
First Online: 19 July 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Access to the MIMIC-IV database was approved by the review committee of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. As all patient data were de-identified, the requirement for informed consent was waived.
