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Authors
Choi, Hyejin
Youm, Changhong
Park, Hwayoung
Kim, Bohyun
Hwang, Juseon
Cheon, Sang-Myung
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Research Foundation of Korea (2022R1A2C100933711)
Basic Science Research Program through the NRF (2022R1A6A3A0108756411)
Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the NRF (2024S1A5B5A16021673)
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Article History
Received: 19 February 2026
Accepted: 7 July 2026
First Online: 10 July 2026
Declarations
Consent for publication: An unauthorized version of the Korean MMSE was used by the study team without permission; however, this has now been rectified with PAR. The MMSE is a copyrighted instrument and may not be used or reproduced in whole or in part, in any form or language, or by any means without written permission of PAR ( ).
Ethics approval and consent to participate: All study procedures involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study protocol and supplementary information files were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Dong-A University Hospital (approval number: DAUHIRB-22-089) (see ethics approval letter in Related file 1). All patients provided written informed consent before data collection. The study was registered in the Clinical Research Information Service in the Republic of Korea (KCT0009353).
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
