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Authors
Yang, Bosco Seong Kyu
Jeong, Han-Gil
Park, Sunghoon
Yoon, Joo Heung
Han, Moon-ku
Suh, Gee Young
Lim, Sung Yoon
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Korean government (No. RS-2023-00222910 and NRF-2022R1C1C1009610)
National Institute of Health (NIH R35GM159939)
Korea Health Industry Development Institute (RS-2024-00439677)
Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (2019E280500, 2020E280700, and 2021‑10‑026)
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Article History
Received: 7 November 2024
Accepted: 8 July 2026
First Online: 28 July 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at and declare: no support from any organization for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.
Ethical approval: This study was approved by the institutional review boards of each participating hospital, including the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (IRB number: B‐1810‐500‐402). Informed consent was waived by the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital IRB. The study was noninterventional and observational, and the data were made available to the authors anonymously, ensuring no identifying information about participants was accessible. The authors were not involved in the direct collection of data. All methods were performed following the relevant guidelines and regulations.
