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Authors
Amenah, Michel Adurayi https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0327-0061
Adjei-Banuah, Nhyira Yaw
Amarteyfio, Kezia Naa Amerley Akosua
Jahan, Yasmin
Awalime, Dziedzom
Mirzoev, Tolib
Agyepong, Irene
Akazili, James
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
NIHR Global Health Research Centre for Non-communicable Disease Control in West Africa (NIHR203246)
NIHR Global Health Research Centre for Non-communicable Disease Control in West Africa (NIHR203246)
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Article History
Received: 29 November 2025
Accepted: 9 July 2026
First Online: 14 July 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study used secondary data from the Ghana Annual Household Income and Expenditure Survey (AHIES), which is publicly available and fully anonymized. As no identifiable personal data were used, ethical approval and informed consent were not required for this analysis. The original data collection was conducted by the Ghana Statistical Service in accordance with national ethical and data protection regulations.
: Not applicable.
