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Authors
Fang, Jianwen
Wei, Min
Zhu, Tianru
Xu, Zhouming
Yu, Hongmei
Yu, Tianze
Pi, Anran
Shang, Xi
Wang, Shu
Fu, Peifen
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82172770)
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Article History
Received: 18 March 2026
Accepted: 9 July 2026
First Online: 14 July 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval and consent to participate: This retrospective study was conducted using fully anonymized, historical patient data. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards of the participating institutions for the multicentre cohort, and the requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective design. For the SEER dataset, ethical approval and informed consent were not required because the data are publicly available and de-identified
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
