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Article History

Received: 3 May 2026

Accepted: 10 July 2026

First Online: 21 July 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The author sought and gained ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the Northwest Normal University. All procedures in this study were in accordance with the institutional research and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from participants before they answered the survey questions. All collected data were kept strictly confidential and anonymous. Participation was voluntary, and no incentives were provided for survey completion.

Consent for publication: Written informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants before submitting the study results for publication; participants were fully informed of the publication purpose, scope and privacy protection measures, all their personal identifying information will be strictly anonymized in published materials, and all publications comply with the obtained consent to fully protect participants’ rights and privacy.