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Authors
Hoth-Zimak, Lisa
Kickstein, Janina
Klima, André
Mackensen, Henriette
Müller, Esther
Louton, Helen
Döring, Dorothea
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Article History
Received: 28 January 2026
Accepted: 13 July 2026
First Online: 30 July 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics declarations statement: In this study dog owners were interviewed about their animals’ behaviour through recurring telephone interviews. All owners had given their written informed consent to participate in this study and to be contacted by telephone at predetermined times. Data protection regulations were observed. Data processing and analysis were strictly anonymised with regard to the personal data of the interviewees. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
