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Authors
Alshahrani, Mona Mohammed
Azzam, Ahmed Y.
Morsy, Mahmoud M.
Omer, Haider Ali
Alqahtani, Saif Aboud M.
Dawood, Amal Fahmy
Essibayi, Muhammed Amir
Morsy, Mohamed D.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University (PNURSP2026R110)
King Khalid University (RGP2/74/47)
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Article History
Received: 25 November 2025
Accepted: 16 July 2026
First Online: 31 July 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethical approvals: Waived.
Consent for participation: Not applicable.
Informed consent: The requirement for individual informed consent was waived as this study analyzed only de-identified data from the TriNetX Research Network, where all participating healthcare organizations have established data use agreements and appropriate patient privacy protocols in accordance with HIPAA regulations.
Institutional review statement: This retrospective study utilizing de-identified data from the TriNetX Research Network was determined to be exempt from review by the Albert Einstein College of Medicine Institutional Review Board as it does not constitute human subjects research according to 45 CFR 46.104(d)(4).
LLM statement: We have employed an advanced Large Language Model (LLM) to enhance and refine the English-language writing. This process focused solely on improving the text’s clarity and style, without generating or adding any new information to the content.
Methods compliance: All the used methods in this retrospective cohort study were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelines for retrospective database research.
